Nature vs Nurture
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A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies suggests that around 50% of the risk is heritable, while the remaining 50% is influenced by environmental factors. This means that genetics contribute only part of the story, and environmental factors also play a significant role.
Genes are segments of DNA that instruct the body on how to make specific proteins. They can be thought of as instructions that shape various aspects of our lives. However, genes aren't always active; their expression can be influenced by environmental triggers. This interaction between genes and the environment is known as epigenetics. Stress, childhood trauma, and adverse experiences can trigger certain genes to turn on or off, impacting our behavior and health.
For example, exposure to childhood trauma, called adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), can influence gene expression and increase the risk of addiction, depression, and other health issues later in life. ACE scores are calculated based on the number of adverse events experienced during childhood. Higher ACE scores correlate with a greater likelihood of addiction and mental health problems in adulthood.
It's important to note that genetics is just one piece of the puzzle. Environmental factors, upbringing, lifestyle, and relationships also significantly contribute to the development of addiction. Twin studies show that even individuals with similar genetics can have vastly different outcomes regarding addiction based on their environment and life experiences.
Do I have an “addictive personality”?
The concept of an "addictive personality" is a myth. While some people may be more genetically predisposed to addiction, nobody is fated to become addicted or to struggle with being addicted to things over and over. The interplay between genetics and environment determines vulnerability, and understanding this complexity can help reduce stigma and provide more compassionate support to individuals struggling with addiction.
Remember that genetics and environment interact to shape our lives, but they don't determine our destiny. Addiction is a multifaceted issue, and seeking help and support is crucial for anyone facing challenges related to substance use. If you or someone you know is struggling, don't hesitate to reach out for assistance.
Listen to episode 14 to learn more about nature vs nurture:
Cite this article:
Tietz, G. Nature vs Nurture. Sober Powered. 2020
Sources:
Verhulst B, Neale MC, Kendler KS. The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Med. 2015;45(5):1061-1072. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002165
Lobo, I. (2008) Environmental influences on gene expression. Nature Education 1(1):39
Dick DM, Kendler KS. The impact of gene-environment interaction on alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Res. 2012;34(3):318-324.
